ABSTRACT Despite a wide range of components and criteria affecting travel behavior presented through empirical research, the results of these studies are inconclusive, which could be due to the difference between these components and criteria in the study areas. Therefore, this research presented a method to determine which factors in different physical developments affect travel behavior due to the differences in various physical developments. The required information was collected through 271 questionnaires at the level of three neighborhoods of Monirieh, Koye Bimeh, and Koye Golestan in Tehran, Iran, as the old, conventional, and new neighborhoods, respectively. ANOVA test was exerted to analyze the significant difference between different development patterns in three neighborhoods. Dunnett's T3 was applied to determine which neighborhood caused the difference between groups. Also, the factors affecting travel behavior were obtained based on exploratory factor analysis indicators. Finally, by comparing the results of the ANOVA test and regression analysis, it was discovered that factors such as car ownership, dependence and pro-liking for private cars, density and access to educational centers and parks, access to medical and service centers, and variety and density of retail stores had been introduced as the factors affecting travel behavior due to the differences in development patterns. However, proximity to the public transportation station, accessibility preferences in choosing a residence, dependence, and pro-liking for other than a private car, having a license, number of children under five years old, and age have influenced travel behavior regardless of the variation between neighborhoods. Extended Abstract Introduction Finding factors affecting travel behavior has been one of the main concerns of transportation planners. However, in the last two decades, the importance of the influence of the features of the built environment, including land use, along with demographic-economic characteristics, travel behavior, and attitudes of people, has been raised by urban planners. Studies seek to find factors affecting travel behavior, especially land use characteristics. Despite presenting a wide range of components and criteria affecting travel behavior, the results of the studies are inconclusive, which could be due to the difference between these components and criteria in the study areas. Therefore, this research presented a method to determine which factors in different physical developments affect travel behavior due to the differences in various physical developments. In order to do this, it must first be determined whether the study areas/different development patterns have a significant difference in terms of travel behavior or not. In case of a positive answer to the previous question, the following question is which study areas caused this difference. The next question arises: -Which physical and non-physical characteristics affect travel behavior due to distinctions between different development patterns?   Methodology The present research method is analytical and experimental based on quantitative methods. This research chose the frequency of travel by private car, public transportation, and walking as the travel behavior. According to the research's purpose, indicators and criteria affecting travel behavior were extracted after reviewing the theoretical and experimental literature. Then, the required information was collected through 271 questionnaires at the level of three neighborhoods of Monirieh, Koye Bimeh, and Koye Golestan as the old, conventional, and new neighborhoods, respectively. The questionnaire was compiled as a Likert scale in five parts of travel information, demographic-economic characteristics, perceptual characteristics of land use, travel habits, and access preferences of people in choosing their residence. ANOVA test was used to analyze the significant difference between different groups of a characteristic (here, different development patterns or the three case studies). Dunnett T3 was exerted to determine which neighborhood caused the difference between groups. Also, the factors affecting travel behavior were obtained based on exploratory factor analysis indicators. Finally, by comparing the results of the ANOVA test and regression analysis, it was discovered which factors affecting travel behavior were due to the differences in study areas and which factors affect travel behavior regardless of development patterns.   Results and discussion This research aims to identify the factors affecting travel behavior due to the differences in development patterns. In this regard, the findings in line with the first research question show that the frequency of three modes of travel, by private car, transportation, and pedestrian, differ significantly in the three neighborhoods. Furthermore, ANOVA test results depict that there is a significant difference between these three neighborhoods in terms of factors affecting travel behavior, such as perceptually environmental characteristics of the neighborhood, dependence and pro-liking for personal cars, variety and density of retail stores, density and access to educational units and parks, access to medical and service centers, and car ownership. Finally, by comparing the results of the ANOVA test with the regression analysis assessing the relationship between physical and non-physical factors (the same indicators in the same study areas) with travel behavior, the factors affecting travel behavior owing to different development patterns were identified. Factors such as car ownership, dependence and pro-liking for private cars, density and access to educational units and parks, access to medical and service centers, and variety and density of retail stores have been introduced as the factors affecting travel behavior due to the differences in development patterns. However, proximity to the public transportation station, accessibility preferences in choosing a place of residence, dependence, and pro-liking for other than a private car, having a certificate, number of children under five years old, and age have influenced on travel behavior regardless of the variation between neighborhoods (different physical development patterns).   Conclusion In In order to discover the factors affecting travel behavior due to the differences in patterns of physical development, this research has provided a more detailed analysis of the factors affecting travel behavior. It has achieved more accurate components than previous studies in this regard. Detailed analysis of studies related to travel behavior and finding the main components affecting it, considering the extent of variables and data, can pave the way for professionals in transportation planning and urban planning, in addition to providing detailed methods and criteria in the related literature.   Funding There is no funding support.   Authors’ Contribution Authors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approved thecontent of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work declaration of competing interest none.   Conflict of Interest Authors declared no conflict of interest.   Acknowledgments  We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper.

As a part of the human society, children have formed the future generation of every country, and the child's interaction with the surrounding environment requires his physical and mental development. Therefore, it is important to pay attention to the environment that promotes mental and physical development of the child. In order to check the suitable environment for children, the initiative of the child-friendly city has been taken into consideration. The general purpose of this research is to improve the status of two cities from the perspective of a child-friendly city and to identify the appropriate indicators of a child-friendly city and to make a comparative comparison in the two Metropolises of Tehran and Isfahan. The current research is developmental in terms of the combined method and in terms of the goal, and it is based on library and documentary studies, field surveys and interviews. Yeoman-Whitney test was used to analyze the indicators. The results of the evaluation show that in the comparison of the two cities of Tehran and Isfahan in terms of the examined indicators (social and physical, economic, environmental, urban management and leisure), Tehran city in the variable of safety and protection with an average of 3.09 and Isfahan city in Participation and citizenship variables with an average of 3.22 have a favorable level. Although Tehran is in a better condition compared to Isfahan in other indicators, in general, both cities are far apart in terms of standard indicators, and suggestions have been made in this regard.

This article tries to study the status of settlement situation in Tehran Metropolis with an emphasis on urban space. Its theoretical basis is based on Martin Heidegger ideas about dwelling. In his view dwelling means to care and protect human beings from each other, from heaven and earth and is maintenance meanings. The method of study is qualitative. The results shows: In Naseri Darul Khalafa [1] because of continuity, density and diversity of space and determinacy of the city boundaries there was the possibility of come together of four elements. But gradually several processes weakened the possibility of Settlement which includes: 1. exogenous development causes dispersion of residential neighborhoods and separates them from each other. 2. Highways, non-level intersections and metro minimize the possibility of get together and offer individualism and loneliness. 3. The logic of capital in many areas, causing the loss of public spaces and private domains is increasing. As a result of this process, the possibility of being together in parts of urban space is lost and togetherness is limited to houses. 4. Consumption spaces be more day by day, they addition to remove of subordinates, cause individual stories take shape to the actors in this field and democratic participation will be undertone. 5. Despite the multiplicity of historical events, they are not carved as memorial in the urban space and thus the city is not reminiscent of historical memory.

Introduction: With the emergence of new concepts in massive urbanism and architecture of new millennium, such as quality of urban life, green urbanism, healthy and walkable cities, and with the competition of different cities around the world in order to enhance urban livability, one of the issues addressed in the meantime is improving urbanscape by organizing and identifying urban streetscape and providing vitality of urban streetscape. Necessity of incorporating this issue into Iranian Urbanism is due to the rise of modernity, modernization and modernism over the past decades as well as because of the lack of any comprehensive approach of improving historical streetscape felt more than ever before. Accordingly, this paper is aimed to first develop comprehensive streetscape indicators and present standard framework of streetscape assessing and measuring using "Meta-Analysis" research method based on explaining and analyzing of Iranian and international researchers’ theories and domestic and international experiences. Next step in this research is measurement of urban streetscape quality in Tehran Metropolis with a focus on the subjective approach of citizens based on measurement of 60 streetscape indicators in target streets. Thus in this paper, the comprehensive streetscape indicators has been developed and standard framework for assessing streetscape and measuring quality of urban streetscape in Tehran Metropolis has been presented. Selected approach for selection of measurable indicators is subjective approach. For this purpose, at first, basic definitions and concepts of streetscape have been reviewed and after that, theories of streetscape researchers have been discussed in two sections of Iranian and International theories. Then, in next section of this paper, most important experience of urban streetscape in different cities has been reviewed, streetscape indicators from scientific and professional points of views are extracted and, finally, theoretical formulation and specific streetscape planning and design indicators are discussed. Then, based on relevant indicators, three streets have been tested using purposive sampling. Accordingly, streetscape quality from residents’ point of view is evaluated based on average satisfaction with indicators in each of target street and, finally, last section of this paper discusses the measurement of streetscape indicators in three target streets and then final conclusion of this study is attempted. Materials & Methods: Due to the mismatch between formation roots and western concepts, when it comes to the study of streets in Iranian urbanism, it is essential to consider Iranian researchers’ ideas in this field in addition to world researchers’ viewpoints on streetscape. Therefore, in this paper, we have tried to exploit theories of Iranian researchers worked in this field whom are mentioned in references and throughout research process in order to comply with Iranian culture and environment. Besides, western researchers are cited for extraction and documentation of common indicators existing in international research literature. It is worth noting here that in addition to the roadway surfaces, street scale and its functional realm are also meant within pedestrian space included in this urban space. Accordingly, street in this paper means urban space where cars move easily and, at the same time, appropriate space for movement and other civic activities by pedestrians is provided. In this way, first, once streetscape and basic concepts are brought up and theories and viewpoints of Iranian and international researchers and major domestic and international experiences on streetscape are considered, using “ Meta-Analysis” research method, comprehensive streetscape indicators are developed and a standard framework is provided for streetscape evaluation. Following this, streetscape indicators in three streets are measured. Weighing criteria of relevant indicators is arithmetic mean of relevant indicators considered by citizens which include 300 people according to Neiman sampling. Discussion of Results: In this paper, in order to identify and document streetscape dimensions, criteria and indicators, first, definitions and concepts of urban streetscape is considered and then theories and thoughts on streetscape in 30 Iranian and international studies are refined, authors of which were selected considering citing frequency of their studies in related major scientific papers. In the following section, the most important domestic and international experiences on urban streetscape are discussed. The aim of this section is to find a theoretical framework to extract streetscape dimensions and indicators by reviewing experiences of major streets in the world. The difference between this section and last one is that it tries to extract streetscape indicators from scientific and professional experiences viewpoint in a sample of most important cities of the world. In order for this, 18 successful domestic and international experiences are reviewed and relevant studies are analyzed focusing on dimensions and indicators of streetscape. In the next section of the paper, general streetscape indicators are summed into 706. Following this, common indicators provided by Iranian and international researchers and also domestic and international experiences of streetscape were omitted and then, final indicators of streetscape in particular and in accordance with Iran conditions were extracted considering 4 following requirements: frequency of each indicator, selecting subjective indicators based on study’ s objectives (focused on subjective indicators), selecting measurable indicators (measurability through questionnaire), and urbanism and worldview conditions of Iran. Regarding this, 60 streetscape indicators in particular and according to Iran’ s conditions based on these requirements are extracted from general indicators and are provided as supermatrix of specific streetscape planning and design indicators in Table 1. This supermatrix has been formulated in two parts including: Iranian and international theories and domestic and international experiences. Iranian and international researchers and domestic and international experiences are placed in 48 columns and streetscape indicators are placed in 60 rows. Conclusions: In this paper, comprehensive streetscape indicators were formulated and a standard framework was provided to evaluate streetscape and measure urban streetscape quality which has been a major urban planning and design priority during recent years. Besides, streetscape quality from citizen’ point of view was evaluated based on average satisfaction with indicators. As research literature review in developed countries shows, improving streetscape results in better environmental quality and desirability of streetscape and image of city and eventually, urban competitiveness. Therefore, street planning and design guidelines in Iran focus on traffic and geometric conditions of streets. They considered objective indicators where less attention was paid to specific streetscape indicators from urbanism and subjective indicators point of view. On the other hand, in Iran, there is no comprehensive framework of streetscape to be taken as manifesto or guideline of action. In this regard, there is no criterion and indicator for evaluation of desirability or undesirability of streetscape as the most important component of urban form. This paper, first, formulated comprehensive streetscape indicators and then provided a standard framework for evaluation of streetscape. This step was carried out in two parts including refining the theories of important researchers on streetscape considering domestic and international opinions and refining the most important and successful international experiences. Eventually, 60 main measurable streetscape indicators were documented focusing on subjective approach and based on particular urbanism conditions in Iran and they were provided considering researchers and relevant indicators in the form of supermatrices of indicators and theories. In the following section of this research, first, a questionnaire was formulated based on indicators extracted from former step and then purposive sampling and determination of sample numbers were carried out, based on which three target streets were selected and in the next step, based on the questionnaire, data was collected in target streets, which was tested and refined according to research topic. Finally, each indicator in each street was studied and the existing situations of target streetscapes were compared. By reviewing general condition of target streets which include their social, physical and environmental conditions, it was found out that Naser Khosrow street with 2. 7 scores, stands in top, Valiasr Street with 2. 6 scores stands next and eventually, Enghelab Street with 2. 2 scores is the last in rank. Social, physical and environmental condition of none of the streets was considered by local pedestrians and residents in average level of satisfaction.

This research is functional, purpose wise and descriptive (correlation), method wise. The statistical population includes all teachers, professionals and executives in management, social sciences and culture. In this study, random sampling was used and a number of 200 questionnaires were distributed among the samples in this study.157 questionnaires were fully completed and returned to the researcher. The data collection tools in this study have been questionnaires. The questionnaires were prepared in two parts of: a) individual characteristics and b) 24 questions. According to opinions of experts, the weak economic structure is the most important components and in the first position, poor planning and urban management system in the second, lack of government support and guidance is in third place, political events in fourth place, natural disasters in fifth place and social events at sixth place influence the development of suburbanization in Tehran Metropolis.

Spatial segregation in most Metropolises is widely interesting issue because of their potential to foster segregation process and because of globalization impact to reinforce it. Goal of this paper is to study spatial patterns of segregation in Tehran Metropolis. To examine segregation indices, we use three indices including two-group spatial segregation index, multi-group spatial segregation index and deviational ellipses respectively. The variables used for analysis from 2006 national census made by Statistics Centre of Iran and are organized in eight variables including: occupation, literacy, quality of home, area of house, family dimension, headship age, religion and ethnic status. Results show although different among variables, spatial segregation exists in Tehran. Compared with other variables, Religion and ethnicity have higher level, respectively, of two-group and multi-group spatial segregation. Despite spatial assimilation theory, religion exhibits more clustered pattern than ethnicity. Standard deviation ellipse indicates Tehran has strongly dual structure according to area of house. Also, unlike the discussed theories, increase in family size do not accompany increase in Area of house, then, sizable houses are occupied by married-couple households with few children and tend to move to North parts of the Metropolis and married-couple households with more children has been deprived of ample houses and located in Northern Tehran.

Purpose: Nowadays, Spatial and social inequalities are universal and expanding phenomenon. Identification and spatial analysis of social, economic and ecological inequalities in Metropolises is one of the essential and basic proceeding for planning and achieving urban sustainable development. Aims to reviews the quality of spatial differentiations between the 374 neighborhoods of Tehran Metropolis. Methodology: The method of the research is descriptive-analytic. To identify regions’ development levels in Tehran, 10 sub-criteria in the form of 3 main criteria were used. With Using of AHP method and EXPERT CHOISE software each criteria and sub-criteria mutually were compared relative to each other, evaluated and scored. Finally, by method of hierarchical clustering, Tehran Metropolis neighborhoods in terms of ranking of development at five levels of developed, relatively developed, medium developed, less developed and underdeveloped regions, were clustered and in the Arc GIS settings were displayed as a map. Findings: The result of indicators review shows that Tehran Metropolis lacks socio-physical unity and spatial differentiations between the north and south of it remain still as the main feature of spatial structure of Tehran Metropolis. Originality/Value: The present study believes that continuance of the current procedure, not only in Tehran but also in national level is a main challenge over the way to achieve urban sustainable development and good city.

Spatial segregation is both a reflection of the existing social structure and a mechanism to enforce that structure. In Tehran, the dramatic increase in the capacity of universities and educational institutions has led to a significant rise in the number of graduates with a university degree, but it is still unclear to what extent spatial segregation exists based on education levels. Therefore, the aim of this article is to investigate the spatial segregation of the population based on gender and education level in Tehran Metropolitan Area. 2011 census data were analyzed using spatial statistics and analysis by GeoDa and Geo-Segregation Analyzer software. The results show that the degree of spatial segregation of individuals with university education is higher than other educational groups, and the groups with lower education are more integrated and living in the south and south-east regions of the city. The level of spatial segregation of women with higher education is more than men. The results of this study are consistent with the historical north-south socio-spatial patterns. In addition, the results indicate that individuals are in clusters with similar socioeconomic characteristics. Finally, the Metropolis of Tehran is experiencing considerable segregation between different social strata.

In the present study, the main purpose is the qualitative study on garbage collection in Tehran city. It has been done by qualitative research method. Semi-structured interview and purposeful sampling techniques were used in data collection. To do this, 15 people were interviewed and the sample size in the present study was determined based on theoretical saturation. Thematic analysis was used to analyze the data. Theme analysis was performed at 4 levels of primary, main, central and core themes. A total of 184 initial themes were extracted from all interviews. In the main coding stage, the following 9 main themes were merged. Escape from poverty in the origin and the inevitable choice of inferiority, society's view to garbage collectors, and high stress, strengthening the cycle of academic reluctance and illiteracy, physical and mental torment, unknown horizon and confusion of the Khojies, legal ambiguity and customary definitions and contracts, complaints from relevant institutions, the entry of the mafia and the formation of rent and corruption. Finally, these themes fall into two categories of social harmfulness of recycling and institutional exclusion and illegallity of the status of garbage collectors in the second distrect in the form of the core theme of the structure of socially harmful and institutionally illegal, waste phenomenon explained..

Objective:Neighborhood as a "spatial" and historical phenomenon has usually had two dimensions: explicit or implicit territory, and the other is a "special social group".Spatial matching of neighborhood and the local community, especially in metropolitan areas, was discussed in the urban literature. Explaining the process of this divergence and the impact of urbanism on it in the scale of Tehran metropolitan neighborhoods has been the main issue of this article. Methods: This research was of the survey-analytical type, and the method of data collection was documentary-field. The statistical population is Tehran's metropolitan neighborhoods that, based on a classification, five neighborhoods have been selected by purposive sampling. Quantitative and statistical methods including one-sample t-test, one-way ANOVA, Tukey post hoc test, and multivariate regression were used to analyze the data. Results:The results showed that despite the changes caused by modernity, it is still possible to distinguish a range of neighborhoods from the community's characteristics in the Metropolis of Tehran. The level of neighborhood identity in Tehran's sample neighborhoods has been relatively high; however, this situation has not led to the formation and improvement of their residents' interactions and internal social solidarity. The results also showed that all indicators of urbanism as an independent variable had significant relationships and negative effects on the community's characteristics in the sample neighborhoods. Conclusion: However, the findings of this article indicate the existence of fields and capital of the community in the sample neighborhoods of Tehran; However, based on the basic idea of the research, it should be noted that promoting and strengthening the spatial matching of community and neighborhood is the basic condition for creating, improving and recreating existing neighborhoods within the framework of modern metropolitan discourse and urbanism of Tehran metropolitan scale.